Toxicological studies of Anchomanes difformis Blume (Araceae) using rats and mice
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20151364Keywords:
Acute, Sub-acute, Anchomanes difformis, Rats, MiceAbstract
Background: The toxicity; biochemical, hematological and histopathological study of Anchomanes difformis aqueous extract was carried out.
Methods: Six groups; 0, 100, 1000, 5000, 7500, and 10,000 mg/kg p.o of mice consisting of four animals; two females, two male a group were used in the acute toxicology experimentation. For the sub-acute test, rats of either sex; three males and three females were shared into four groups; 0, 500, 1000, and 2500 mg/kg p.o for 21 days. Toxicity studies were done using automated techniques and prepared histology slides viewed under a light microscope.
Results: Results showed no mortality - undeterminable lethal dose, 50%. Biochemical parameters tested were within permissible limits and no pathologies in the selected organs studied.
Conclusion: It can be inferred that A. difformis aqueous extract is safe even at a dose as high as 10 g/kg body weight.
References
Gesler WM. Therapeutic landscapes: medical issues in light of the new cultural geography. Soc Sci Med. 1992;34(7):735-46.
Erah PO, Nwazuoke JC. Identification of standards for pharmaceutical care in Benin City. Trop J Pharm Res. 2002;1(2):55-66.
World Health Organization. General Guidelines for Methodologies on Research and Evaluation of Traditional Medicine. Geneva: WHO; 2000.
Pal SK, Shukla Y. Herbal medicine: current status and the future. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2003;4(4):281-8.
Greensfelder L. Alternative medicine. Herbal product linked to cancer. Science. 2000;288(5473):1946.
Harries AD, Cullinan T. Herbis et orbis: the dangers of traditional eye medicines. Lancet. 1994;344(8937):1588.
Tchiakpe L, Balansard G, Benard P, Placidi M. Chemical and toxicological study of Anchomanes difformis (Engl.). Herb Hung. 1980;19:55-63.
Morton JF. West African lilies and orchids. In: Savory HJ, editor. The Useful Plants of West Africa. Lioydia: London: Royal Botanic Gardens; 1961: 234-46.
Ataman JE, Idu M, Odia EA, Omogbai EK, Amaechina F, Akhigbe AO, et al. Histopathologic effects of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl. on wistar rats. Pak J Biol Sci. 2006;9:477-82.
Okpo SO, Ching FP, Ayinde BA, Udi OO, Alonge PO, Eze GO. Gastroprotective effects of the ethyl acetate fraction of Anchomanes difformis (Engl). Int J Health Res. 2011;4(4):155-61.
Aliyu AB, Ibrahim MA, Musa AM, Musa AO, Kiplimo JJ, Oyewale AO. Free radical scavenging and total antioxidant capacity of root extracts of Anchomanes difformis Engl. (Araceae). Acta Pol Pharm. 2013;70(1):115-21.
Dalziel JM. Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa. London: Crown Agent; 1937.
Akah PA, Njike HA. Some pharmacological effects of rhizome aqueous extract of Anchomanes difformis. Fitoterapia. 1990;61:368-70.
Adeleke O, Adetunji T. Antimicrobial activity of Anchomanes difformis (Blume) Engl. (Family Araceae). J Life Physical Sci. 2010;3(2):87-90.
Ozolua RI, Idogun SI, Tafamel GE. Acute and sub-acute toxicological assessment of aqueous leaf extract of Bryophyllum Pinnatum (Lam.) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Am J Pharm Toxicol. 2010;5(3):145-51.
Lorke D. A new approach to practical toxicity testing. Arch Toxicol. 1983;54(4):275-87.
Lillie RD, Fullmer HM. Histopathologic Technic and Practical Histochemistry. 4th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Books Company; 1976.
Pearse AG. Histochemistry. 3rd Edition. London: Churchill; 1968.
Sheehan DC, Hrapchak BB. Theory and Practice of Histotechnology. Columbus, Ohio: Battelle Press; 1980.
Bradbury S. Peacock’s Elementary Microtechniques. 4th Edition. London: Arnold; 1974.
Bradbury S, Evennet PJ, Hasselmann H, Piller H. Dictionary of Light Microscopy Royal Microscopical Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1989.
Ozolua RI, Anaka ON, Okpo SO, Idogun SE. Acute and sub-acute toxicological assessment of the aqueous seed extract of Persea americana Mill (Lauraceae) in rats. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2009;6(4):573-8.
Nayak BS, Sandiford S, Maxwell A. Evaluation of the wound-healing activity of ethanolic extract of Morinda citrifolia L. Leaf. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2009;6(3):351-6.
Angeles-López G, Pérez-Vásquez A, Hernández-Luis F, Déciga-Campos M, Bye R, Linares E, et al. Antinociceptive effect of extracts and compounds from Hofmeisteria schaffneri. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;131(2):425-32.
Krishnaraju AV, Rao CB, Sundararaju D, Sengupta K, Trimurtulu G. Anti-inflammatory activity of Vitex leucoxylon L. bark extracts against Freund’s complete adjuvant induced arthritis in Sprague Dawley rat. Am J Infect Dis. 2009;5:68-73.
Okpo SO, Ozolua RI, Ching FP, Eze GO. Acute and short term toxicity studies on the aqueous extract of Anchomanes difformis. Niger J Pharm Sci. 2013;12(2):1-10.
Flanagan RJ, Dunk L. Haematological toxicity of drugs used in psychiatry. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2008;23 Suppl 1:27-41.
Formela LJ, Galloway SW, Kingsnorth AN. Inflammatory mediators in acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg. 1995;82:6-13.
Mdhluli M. Toxicological and antifertility investigations of oleanolic acid in male vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops). Ph.D Thesis, Discipline of Physiological Sciences. Bellville: University of the Western Cape; 2003.
Bidhe RM, Ghosh S. Acute and subchronic (28-day) oral toxicity study in rats fed with novel surfactants. Am Assoc Pharm Sci J. 2004;6(2):7-16.
Karthikeyan S, Gobianand K, Pradeep K, Mohan CV, Balasubramanian MP. Biochemical changes in serum, lung, heart and spleen tissues of mice exposed to sub-acute toxic inhalation of mosquito repellent mat vapor. J Environ Biol. 2006;27 2 Suppl:355-8.
Wittekind C. Prognostic factors in liver tumors. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol. 1995;79:109-15.
El Hilaly J, Israili ZH, Lyoussi B. Acute and chronic toxicological studies of Ajuga iva in experimental animals. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004;91(1):43-50.
