International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology

Ranitidine – update on latest FDA actions

2026-02-03T07:56:23+0530

Ranitidine has maintained a key therapeutic role in managing acid-related disorders due to its favourable efficacy–tolerability profile and consistent pharmacodynamic behaviour. Since its introduction, clinicians have relied on its consistent and sustained suppression of gastric acid secretion, which has translated into effective relief of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms, improved healing of peptic ulcers, and dependable control of episodic acid-related discomfort. Decades of clinical use have generated a robust and reassuring evidence base demonstrating ranitidine’s safety and effectiveness across diverse patient populations.

Targeting neuroinflammation: a critical opportunity in the evolving landscape of neuropharmacology

2026-02-24T06:56:59+0530

Neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and frontotemporal dementia continue to impose an escalating global health burden, yet therapeutic progress has remained disappointingly slow. For decades, neuropharmacology has been dominated by symptomatic approaches-cholinergic modulation, dopaminergic replacement, or glutamatergic stabilization-offering only transient relief without modifying disease trajectory. However, emerging evidence indicates that neuroinflammation is a central, unifying pathological mechanism across neurodegenerative diseases. This paradigm shift has catalyzed a new wave of drug development targeting microglial activation, inflammasomes, complement pathways, and neuroimmune signalling. There is now a compelling need to accelerate translational efforts in this domain, particularly in low-and middle-income countries where the incidence of neurodegenerative disorders is rapidly rising.

Modern pharmacotherapy of obesity: molecular mechanisms, clinical efficacy and future therapeutic directions

2026-02-24T06:57:04+0530

Obesity is now recognized as a chronic, relapsing, neuroendocrine disease characterised by dysregulation of appetite, impaired energy homeostasis and complex metabolic disturbances. Traditional lifestyle interventions, although foundational, often fail to achieve durable weight reduction because of adaptive biological mechanisms that favour weight regain. Over the past two decades, pharmacotherapy has evolved from modestly effective agents such as orlistat and sympathomimetics to highly potent incretin-based and multi-hormonal peptide therapies capable of inducing double-digit percentage weight loss. This narrative review summarizes contemporary anti-obesity pharmacotherapy with emphasis on molecular mechanisms, pivotal clinical trial data and future therapeutic directions. Literature was identified using PubMed, Scopus and Embase with search terms including “obesity pharmacotherapy”, “orlistat”, “phentermine”, “liraglutide”, “semaglutide”, “tirzepatide”, “cagrilintide” and “retatrutide”. Classical agents such as orlistat, phentermine–topiramate and naltrexone–bupropion typically achieve 3–10% weight loss but are limited by tolerability and safety concerns. GLP-1 receptor agonists (liraglutide and semaglutide) provide substantially greater weight reduction with clinically meaningful improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors. Dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists such as tirzepatide have demonstrated unprecedented efficacy, with up to 22.5% mean weight loss in the SURMOUNT trials. Emerging agents including cagrilintide (amylin analogue) and triple agonists such as retatrutide (GIP/GLP-1/glucagon) are poised to redefine pharmacological obesity treatment. Modern pharmacotherapy for obesity therefore spans a spectrum from older agents with modest efficacy to next-generation multi-agonist peptides approaching bariatric surgery–level outcomes. Rational, individualised drug selection based on comorbidities, tolerability and accessibility will be central to optimising long-term outcomes.

The expanding nutraceutical market: a critical review

2026-02-24T06:57:07+0530

The global nutraceutical industry is expanding rapidly, driven by growing emphasis on preventive healthcare, lifestyle modification, and consumer preference for natural therapeutic options. Derived from the convergence of “nutrition” and “pharmaceutical,” nutraceuticals bridge food and medicine, offering potential benefits in health promotion and disease prevention; however, concerns regarding their safety, efficacy, standardization, and regulatory oversight persist. Traditional systems such as Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine provide conceptual foundations for many modern nutraceutical formulations. This narrative review examines key distinctions between nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals, evaluates the benefits and limitations of synthetic and herbal nutraceuticals, and analyzes regulatory frameworks across India, the United States, and Europe. Findings indicate that while nutraceuticals offer accessibility, affordability, and preventive health advantages, they face challenges related to product variability, adulteration, and unsubstantiated health claims. Regulatory mechanisms remain inconsistent globally, with oversight by FSSAI in India, the FDA under DSHEA in the U.S., and EFSA in Europe. Current market trends highlight growing demand for personalized, plant-based, and clean-label products, with the Indian nutraceutical sector projected to grow at a CAGR of nearly 10% through 2030. Sustainable advancement of the industry requires robust scientific validation, harmonized regulation, and ethical marketing to ensure efficacy, safety, and consumer trust.

Understanding the financial impact of depression: a review of cost of illness evidence from India

2026-02-24T06:56:56+0530

India bears a large portion of the societal and economic effects of depression, which is a major contributor to the disease burden. With an emphasis on both direct and indirect costs, this review examines the cost-of-illness (COI) data about depression in India. Clinical depression or major depressive disorder (MDD) is thought to affect 15-20% of people in their lifetime, and gender and poverty are important risk factors. The average yearly direct cost of depression in India is around ₹19,500 per person, which includes both medical (₹13,510 median) and nonmedical (₹6008 median) expenses. However, indirect costs-which make up 56.33% of the total COI-amount to an average of ₹33,800 per year and include factors such as lost work, caregiver stress, and time off for consultations. An estimated ₹59951.33 is the total yearly economic burden per person. Financial barriers to consistent care are highlighted by the fact that patients on regular medication spend much more (₹1,387) than those receiving irregular treatment (₹554). These results highlight the fact that women and lower-income groups are disproportionately affected by depression, and that untreated mental illness leads to significant productivity losses and long-term financial strain. Legislators must prioritize mental health financing, increase insurance coverage, and enhance access by distributing resources fairly and utilizing digital health tools. Planning successful, inclusive, and long-lasting mental healthcare.

Artificial intelligence approaches in early detection and clinical management of acute and chronic kidney diseases

2026-02-24T06:56:55+0530

Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are major global health burdens that are often detected late due to the limitations of conventional biomarkers such as serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate. Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a powerful tool capable of analyzing complex, high-dimensional clinical data to improve risk stratification, early detection, prognosis and personalized management of kidney diseases. This review evaluates the current applications of AI in the diagnosis, prediction and clinical management of AKI and CKD and compares its performance with traditional diagnostic approaches. A comprehensive literature search was conducted up to October 2025 using Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus. Studies focusing on AI-based predictive modeling, imaging analysis, biomarker discovery and clinical decision support in nephrology were included. Of 150 screened articles, 51 met the inclusion criteria.AI-based models demonstrated superior accuracy for early AKI detection compared with serum creatinine alone (AUC>0.85 vs. 0.65) and improved prediction of CKD progression, cardiovascular outcomes, and dialysis initiation. Additionally, AI-assisted imaging enhanced renal pathology detection, while decision-support systems optimized drug dosing and dialysis parameters. Despite these advances, challenges such as algorithmic bias, interpretability, data heterogeneity, and ethical concerns remain. Overall, AI holds substantial potential to transform nephrology through earlier diagnosis, improved prognostication, and individualized treatment, though robust regulatory frameworks and large prospective studies are essential before widespread clinical implementation.

A review on orexin receptor antagonists in chronic insomnia: a revolutionary approach

2026-02-24T06:56:54+0530

Chronic insomnia is a chronic sleep disorder characterized by the inability to fall asleep or stay asleep. Other than hyperarousal, altered circadian rhythms, and behavioral changes, it can also occur due to medical or psychiatric conditions. The use of benzodiazepines, Z-drugs, melatonin agonists, antihistamines, and sedative antidepressants as traditional treatment in chronic insomnia offer relief, but are also coupled with several limitations like tolerance, dependence, residual sedation, and disruption of normal sleep architecture. With the continuous revealing of the sleep neurobiology mystery, the orexin system has been pinpointed as a main regulator of wakefulness and arousal, thus making it a probable therapeutic target. Orexin receptor antagonists like suvorexant, lemborexant, and daridorexant inhibit the selective OX1R and OX2R pathways thereby decreasing the wakefulness and facilitating natural, continuous sleep. These medications have shown to enhance sleep by reducing the time to fall asleep, the number of times one wakes up and thereby increasing the total time spent during sleep, without impairing the normal sleep architecture. They are regarded as a breakthrough and more natural means of treating chronic insomnia because of their good safety profile and the low risk of next-day sedation they come with.

Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of lipid extract from Eryx snakes in adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats

2026-02-24T06:57:04+0530

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease in which long-term use of standard anti-inflammatory drugs is limited by incomplete efficacy and adverse effects, creating a need for safer alternative agents from natural sources. This study evaluated the prophylactic effect of a lipid extract obtained from Eryx snakes (LEES) in a rat model of adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA).

Methods: Arthritis was induced in male rats by sub-plantar injection of Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA). Animals received daily oral administration of LEES (50 mg/kg), diclofenac (10 mg/kg), or indomethacin (4 mg/kg) for 13 days. The therapeutic effects were assessed by monitoring paw edema, local hyperthermia, and pain sensitivity (Hargreaves test) over 14 days.

Results: LEES administration significantly suppressed paw edema, achieving 45.6% inhibition by day 14, and effectively attenuated local hyperthermia. The extract also demonstrated significant analgesic activity by preserving thermal withdrawal latency and mitigated inflammation-associated body weight loss. Notably, the therapeutic efficacy of LEES was comparable to that of the reference NSAIDs, diclofenac and indomethacin.

Conclusions: The study confirms that LEES effectively mitigates clinical signs of chronic arthritis with an efficacy profile similar to diclofenac and indomethacin. Thus, LEES represents a viable natural candidate for the development of novel anti-inflammatory agents.

Evaluation of pharmacovigilance related knowledge, attitude and practice among healthcare professionals and students in a tertiary-care hospital: a cross-sectional study

2026-01-17T08:10:49+0530

Background: Pharmacovigilance (PV) plays a critical role in ensuring medication safety by identifying, evaluating and preventing adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Assessing the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of healthcare professionals is essential for strengthening ADR reporting systems. To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) related to pharmacovigilance among healthcare professionals and students and to analyse the association of KAP scores with age and professional category.

Methods: This cross-sectional study utilized the ICMR pharmacovigilance KAP questionnaire to assess responses from 332 participants. Descriptive statistics were applied, Kruskal–Wallis’s test for intergroup comparison and Spearman’s correlation was used to evaluate associations between age and KAP scores. Data on professional experience were not available. A p value<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: The mean (±SD) knowledge, attitude and practice scores were 4.57±1.30, 3.20±0.74 and 4.29±1.46, respectively. Knowledge (H=9.68, p=0.046) and practice (H=9.83, p=0.043) differed significantly across professions. Age showed a very weak, non-significant correlation with knowledge (ρ=0.103, p=0.060) and no correlation with attitude (ρ=0.013, p=0.809), but a weak significant correlation with practice (ρ=0.188, p=0.0006).

Conclusion: Participants demonstrated moderate knowledge and practice scores with overall positive attitudes. Knowledge and practice varied significantly across professions, while attitude did not. Age showed only weak associations with KAP domains. These findings indicate the need for profession-specific pharmacovigilance training, particularly to strengthen knowledge and practice among students and nursing staff.

Retrospective study on chemotherapy–induced anaemia: incidence, treatment patterns and outcomes in a tertiary care hospital in South India

2026-02-06T08:48:49+0530

Background: Chemotherapy-induced anaemia (CIA) is a common complication in cancer patients and can negatively affect treatment continuity and quality of life. The severity of anaemia may vary depending on the chemotherapeutic drug class. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence, severity, management, and outcomes of CIA in a tertiary care hospital.

Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted among 100 cancer patients who received chemotherapy between January 2024 and December 2024. Demographic data, cancer diagnosis, chemotherapy regimens, haemoglobin levels before and after chemotherapy, anaemia grading, management strategies, and outcomes were collected. Haemoglobin changes were analysed using paired t-test, and differences between drug classes were assessed using one-way ANOVA.

Results: Mean haemoglobin levels decreased significantly from 13.40±0.90 g/dl before chemotherapy to 9.49±1.47 g/dl after chemotherapy (mean reduction 3.91±1.65 g/dl; p<0.001). Grade 1 anaemia was observed in 52% of patients, grade 2 in 27%, grade 3 in 15%, and grade 4 in 6%. Haemoglobin reduction differed significantly among drug classes (F=5.917, p=0.0001), with greater reductions seen with alkylating agents, taxanes, and PD-1 receptor inhibitors. Iron therapy (40%) and blood transfusions (19%) were the most common management strategies. Clinical improvement was observed in 97% of patients.

Conclusions: Chemotherapy causes a significant reduction in haemoglobin levels, with variability across drug classes. Regular monitoring and appropriate management of anaemia are essential during chemotherapy.

A cross-sectional study on prescription pattern, essential medicines adherence and drug-drug interactions in patients attending ENT outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital

2026-02-12T06:58:23+0530

Background: Ear, nose, and throat (ENT) disorders are common across all age groups and pose a significant socioeconomic burden. Effective management depends on rational drug prescribing. This study aimed to evaluate prescribing patterns in the ENT outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital, assess adherence to the National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM) 2022, and identify potential drug-drug interactions.

Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the ENT outpatient department, involving 326 patients who received at least one drug. Data on demographics, diagnoses, comorbidities, and prescriptions were collected. Drug interactions were assessed using the Medscape drug interaction checker. Descriptive statistics were applied.

Results: Chronic suppurative otitis media (26.1%) was the most common diagnosis, followed by pharyngitis (11%). A total of 1204 drugs were prescribed, with an average of 3.7±1.3 drugs per prescription. Antimicrobials were the most frequently prescribed class, with Amoxicillin + Clavulanic acid being the most common oral agent (52.5%). Oral administration (74.4%), mainly in tablet form, was predominant, along with topical formulations like ear and nasal drops. Generic prescribing was observed in 66.4% of cases. Of the 56 drugs prescribed, 34% were from the hospital formulary and 41% from NLEM 2022. Potential minor drug-drug interactions were identified in only 2.1% of prescriptions.

Conclusions: The study reflects common ENT prescribing practices, with a focus on antimicrobials and oral formulations. While generic prescribing is fairly common, adherence to the NLEM and hospital formulary can be improved. Drug interaction incidence was low, indicating responsible prescribing practices.

Prescribing complexity of oral hypoglycemic fixed-dose combinations in India: development and application of a novel complexity scoring tool

2026-01-23T08:58:09+0530

Background: Fixed-dose combinations (FDCs) of oral hypoglycemic agents are extensively used in India for simplifying type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treatment and improving adherence. There are long-standing concerns regarding irrational FDCs, limited dose flexibility, and weak alignment with clinical guidelines. Currently, no structured framework exists to assess the prescribing complexity of these FDCs. Objectives of the study were to characterize oral hypoglycemic agent FDCs approved and marketed in India and to develop and apply a novel prescribing complexity score for oral hypoglycemic fixed-dose combinations (PCS-OHA-FDC).

Methods: A secondary analysis of oral hypoglycemic agent FDCs approved by the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization and listed in standard drug information sources was conducted. Each FDC was evaluated across four domains: number of active pharmaceutical ingredients, therapeutic duplication, dose flexibility, and guideline concordance. Domain scores were summed to derive an overall prescribing complexity score and to classify FDCs as low, moderate, or high complexity.

Results: 57 OHA FDCs were included in the analysis. Two-drug FDCs constituted the majority (40/57; 70.2%), while there were 17 three-drug FDCs (29.8%). No FDC demonstrated direct therapeutic duplication. Limited dose flexibility (7/57; 12.3%) and conditional or absent guideline support (40/57; 70.17%) was common. Using the prescribing complexity score for OHA-FDCs (PCS-OHA-FDC), most formulations were classified as low complexity (42/57; 73.68%), with the remainder showing moderate complexity (15/57; 26.31%). No FDC met criteria for high prescribing complexity.

Conclusions: The PCS-OHA-FDC offers a practical tool to quantify prescribing complexity and highlights important gaps between market availability and guideline-based diabetes care in India.

Burden and geographical variation of peripheral neuropathy in India: insights from a large multi-regional screening study

2026-02-03T07:56:22+0530

Background: Peripheral neuropathy (PN) is a major cause of morbidity in India, yet it's true that community-level burden remains underreported. Understanding the distribution of neuropathy across demographic and regional subgroups is essential for targeted public health interventions. Aim and objectives to determine the prevalence and severity of PN in a large, diverse Indian population and to compare PN patterns across age, gender, diabetes status, and geographic regions.

Methods: This cross-sectional study analysed data from 153,354 adults screened across all four zones of India. The study was designed by Corona Remedies Ltd., and data were collected by them. PN was assessed using a standardized bilateral foot scoring system with a Biothesiometer, and severity was classified as normal, mild, moderate, or severe. Demographic details (age, gender, region) and diabetes status were recorded. Prevalence estimates were calculated using descriptive statistics and stratified by key subgroups.

Results: The overall prevalence of PN was 75.4%, with mild (53.9%) being the most common category, followed by moderate (16.8%) and severe (4.7%). PN prevalence was significantly higher among people with diabetes (90.1%) compared to non-diabetics (65.3%). Gender differences were minimal, with males showing slightly higher prevalence (75.8%). Wide zonal variation was observed, with PN prevalence ranging from 74.3% to 79.3%. The Eastern zone demonstrated the highest neuropathy prevalence at 79.3%, driven by a larger proportion of individuals with moderate (16.8%) and severe neuropathy (20.4%).

Conclusions: Neuropathy is highly prevalent in the Indian population, with a significantly more substantial burden among people with diabetes. These findings highlight the need for early screening and targeted interventions for diabetic individuals to prevent neuropathy-related complications.

A descriptive study to assess the knowledge of staff nurses regarding antibiotic resistance at a selected hospital, Bangalore

2026-02-10T08:15:14+0530

Background: Antibiotic resistance is a major global health problem that compromises the effective treatment of infectious diseases. Nurses play a crucial role in administration of antibiotic and monitoring therapeutic outcome. Proper knowledge among nurses can help reduce the misuse of antibiotics and prevent the development of resistance organism. This study conducted with the objective to assess level of knowledge about antibiotic resistance among staff nurses and to find association between knowledge of staff nurses regarding antibiotic resistance with sociodemographic variables

Methods: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study in the month of November 2025 using non-probability convenience sampling among 402 staff nurses at a selected hospital in Bangalore, data was collected through Google form with structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.

Results: Among all the participants 17.7% had adequate knowledge, 46.3% had moderately adequate knowledge, 36% had inadequate knowledge of antibiotic resistance. The mean score was 5 with standard deviation of ±4.820. There is significant association between knowledge of staff nurses regarding antibiotic resistance with area of work only (chi square value=13.100, p=0.041).

Conclusions: The findings revealed that most of the staff nurses had moderately adequate knowledge. To improve nurses’ knowledge, periodic assessment should be conducted to identify their learning needs. It will assist in planning and developing formal educational and training programs to enhance nurses understanding of antibiotic resistance.

In-vivo evaluation of anti-urolithiatic activity of methanolic extract of Physalis minima L. leaves against ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in Wistar Albino rats

2026-02-24T06:57:07+0530

Background: Urolithiasis, the formation of kidney stones due to crystallized urinary minerals, poses significant therapeutic challenges with conventional treatments often limited by adverse effects. Natural alternatives are increasingly sought, and Physalis minima L., known for its diuretic and anti-inflammatory properties, has shown promising phytochemical profiles that may counteract stone formation.

Methods: Male Wistar albino rats (n=30) were divided into five groups: a normal control, a lithiatic control (administered 0.75% v/v ethylene glycol with 1% w/v ammonium chloride for initial lithiasis acceleration), a standard group treated with Cystone (750 mg/kg), and two test groups receiving the methanolic extract of Physalis minima L. leaves (MEPM) at doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg from days 15 to 28. Urine samples were analyzed for calcium, phosphate, and uric acid, while serum levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and uric acid were measured. Kidney tissues were subjected to histopathological examination to assess structural changes.

Results: Ethylene glycol administration significantly elevated urinary and serum stone-promoting markers. Treatment with MEPM, especially at 200 mg/kg, significantly reduced these biochemical parameters and improved kidney histology, displaying effects comparable to the standard Cystone treatment.

Conclusions: The methanolic extract of Physalis minima L. leaves exhibits potent, dose-dependent antiurolithiatic activity by lowering key stone promoters and restoring renal function. These findings highlight its potential as a natural therapeutic alternative for urolithiasis management, warranting further pharmacodynamic studies.

Comparison of the efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine versus teneligliptin as add on therapy in uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, prospective and open labelled study

2026-02-24T06:57:06+0530

Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a multifactorial metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia resulting from insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction. Despite combination therapy with metformin and sulfonylureas, many patients fail to achieve optimal glycemic control, necessitating additional agents. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQS), an immunomodulatory drug, has shown potential antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects, while teneligliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor, improves insulin secretion through incretin modulation.

Methods: A randomized, prospective, open-label study was conducted over three months in 100 T2DM patients aged 18–60 years with HbA1c ≥7.5%. Participants received either HCQS 400 mg once daily or teneligliptin 20 mg once daily, in addition to metformin and glimepiride. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), postprandial blood glucose (PPBG), and HbA1c were assessed at baseline, day 28, 56, and 84. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and unpaired t-tests, with p<0.05 considered significant.

Results: Both HCQS and teneligliptin significantly (p<0.001) reduced FBG, PPBG, and HbA1c levels from baseline. Comparative analysis showed a greater reduction in HbA1c with HCQS (p<0.05). No significant differences were observed in BMI or incidence of adverse effects between groups. Mild gastrointestinal symptoms were the most common adverse events.

Conclusions: Both HCQS and teneligliptin were effective and well-tolerated as add-on therapies in uncontrolled T2DM. HCQS demonstrated superior glycemic improvement, suggesting it as an economical and effective adjunct for better glycemic control in Indian patients.

Harnessing the potential of ginger/derivatives as therapeutic targets in the management of knee osteoarthritis: a molecular docking approach

2026-02-24T06:57:06+0530

Background: Amongst musculoskeletal diseases, knee osteoarthritis (KOA) form most critical chronic joint disorder being more prevalent in females than in males, increases markedly in elderly population and correlate significantly with obesity. The structural alterations underlining KOA includes cartilage degradation, subchondral bone lesion, osteophyte formation, and altered changes in synovium and joints capsule.Inflammation forms core player of KOA to set in progressive and degenerative changes of knee joints vis-a-vis up regulate battery of pro-inflammatory cytokines including (TNF-α,IL-1β) as well as inflammasome complex(NLRP3).We hypothesize that ginger/its derivatives which have been well documented for their culinary and anti-inflammatory functions would be effective as anti-inflammatory in KOA to protect the joint degeneration.

Methods: In the present study we selected 15 ginger derivatives (literature survey) and with molecular docking approach screened the derivatives targeted against potent key inflammatory markers of KOA including TNF-α, IL-1β and inflammasome NLRP3complex. Subsequently we scored for highest binding energy and lowest binding distance (HBE-LBD) using Schrödinger software.

Results: Interestingly, we show that 6-gingerol and Zingerone demonstrated highest HBE-LBD for TNF-α,6-gingerol and paradol for IL-1β, and 8-gingerol and 10-gingerol for NLRP3 receptor.

Conclusions: Our findings are novel and report for the first time for the differential cross talk of ginger derivatives for a given Ligand displaying higher binding affinity and specificity to inflammatory targets. Way forward, we advocate carrying out efficacy studies using combinational approach 6-gingerol/Zingerone/paradol vis-à-vis 8-gingerol and 10-gingerol in KOA model to unravel target precision of the identified ginger derivatives so as to arrive for their therapeutic signatures in management of KOA.

Knowledge, fear and application of artificial intelligence in healthcare and learning, analysis of undergraduate medical students' perspective

2026-02-24T06:57:05+0530

Background: Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly integrated into healthcare and medical education. Understanding how future healthcare professionals perceive this transformation is crucial for shaping curricula and policy.

Methods: A multicentric, cross-sectional analytical study was conducted using a structured, anonymous online questionnaire. The survey comprised 15 multiple-choice questions across three domains: AI knowledge, concerns about its adoption, and expectations of its role in clinical practice and education. A total of 403 MBBS students participated. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data.

Results: Most students (75.7%) recognized AI's potential in predicting patient outcomes, and 76.7% believed AI could support but not replace clinical judgment. Ethical and privacy issues (54.3%) were the most cited integration barriers. While 63.3% viewed AI-driven decision support systems positively, 61.8% feared AI might replace doctors—especially due to reduced human interaction (40.9%). Limited practical exposure was evident; 44.4% had never used AI tools, though 86.4% expressed interest in learning more. A majority (67.2%) prioritized human intuition over data-driven decision-making.

Conclusions: MBBS students show positive attitudes and curiosity toward AI but have limited practical exposure and formal training. The findings highlight the urgent need to integrate AI education into medical curricula to prepare students for its ethical and clinical implications.

Awareness of black box warnings and high-risk medications among second-year MBBS students: a cross-sectional study

2026-02-24T06:57:02+0530

Background: Black box warnings (BBWs) are the strongest medication safety alerts issued by regulatory authorities. This study evaluates awareness, knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward BBWs among second-year MBBS students.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional online survey was conducted among 150 students using a validated questionnaire. Knowledge was assessed using a 7-item key. Descriptive statistics summarized findings.

Results: Only 28% were aware of BBWs. Mean knowledge score was 2.18±1.4, with 61.3% classified as poor knowledge. Attitude scores were positive (mean 14.6±2.9). Only 17% had ever checked BBWs.

Conclusions: Students demonstrated low BBW awareness but strong willingness to learn, supporting the need for BBW-focused curriculum revision.

Cosmetovigilance studies to assess the safety of cosmetic therapy in hair segments and skin non-laser

2026-02-24T06:57:01+0530

Background: Cosmetic procedures, especially non-laser skin treatments and hair rejuvenation therapies, are increasingly popular, yet ADRs remain a significant safety concern, particularly in patients with comorbidities. This study employed a cosmetovigilance-based approach to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and long-term outcomes of commonly used cosmetic therapies.

Methods: A retrospective interventional cohort study was conducted at Kosmoderma Ltd. involving 410 patients aged 18–60 years who received cosmetic treatments between April and July 2024. Hair rejuvenation therapies included QR678, platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and growth factor concentrate (GFC), while non-laser skin procedures comprised chemical peels and facials. A minimum sample size of 199 was calculated to ensure statistical reliability. ADRs were identified, monitored, and categorized using structured data collection forms. Statistical analyses were performed using Chi-square tests and Spearman correlation to assess associations and risk factors.

Results: Of the 410 patients evaluated, females constituted 78% of the study population, with equal representation of hair and non-laser skin treatments. A statistically significant association was observed between the type of hair therapy and ADR occurrence (χ²=6.89, p=0.032). No significant association was found between non-laser skin treatments and ADRs. Comorbidities, particularly diabetes mellitus, showed a strong association with both the incidence (p<0.001) and severity (p=0.021) of ADRs.

Conclusions: Hair rejuvenation therapies and patient comorbidities significantly influence ADR occurrence. Integration of cosmetovigilance practices and active involvement of clinical pharmacists can enhance patient safety, support informed decision-making, and optimize cosmetic treatment protocols.

Evaluation of hypolipidemic effect of Pueraria tuberosa extract on high-fat diet induced hyperlipidemia in Wistar rats

2026-02-24T06:56:59+0530

Background: Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)-C plays a pivotal role in the development of atherosclerosis, and its reduction is a primary target in the management of dyslipidemia. Pueraria tuberosa contains Puerarin, increases LDL receptor (LDLr) mRNA and HMG-CoA reductase mRNA invitro. However, its role as an hypolipidemic agents needs further elucidation.

Methods: IAEC permission was sought (IAEC/GSMC/05/2022). Wistar rats of either sex around 150-200 grams were divided into 5 groups (n= 8). Group NC (Normal control) received a normal chow diet while Group DC (disease control), Group PC (Atorvastatin 10mg/kg/day), Group PTE LD (PTE 500mg/kg/day) and Group PTE HD (PTE 1000mg/kg/day) received high-fat diet for 45 days. Atorvastatin and Pueraria tuberosa aqueous extract (PTE) were given from the 15th day to the 45th day to the respective groups. Lipid profile, and HMG COA reductase enzyme levels were analysed and compared between groups using one-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test followed by post hoc analysis (p<0.05).

Results: PTE HD significantly decreased total cholesterol and LDL-C, compared to the disease control group. Conclusions: According to our findings, Pueraria tuberosa aqueous extract exert a hypolipdemic effect at higher doses as evidenced by decrease in total cholesterol and LDL-C.

Adverse drug reactions to antiseizure medications in pediatric epilepsy: a pharmacovigilance study from a tertiary care centre in India

2026-02-24T06:56:58+0530

Background: Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder requiring long term antiseizure drug (ASD) therapy, often associated with adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Understanding the frequency and nature of ADRs in pediatric patients is essential for optimizing treatment outcomes. Objectives of the study were to evaluate the prevalence, pattern, and causality of ADRs associated with antiseizure drugs in pediatric patients using the Naranjo scale and World Health Organization-Uppsala monitoring centre (WHO UMC) causality assessment system.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted over 12 months in the Departments of Pharmacology and Paediatrics at Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi. Pediatric epilepsy patients (1–12 years) on antiseizure drugs for ≥1 month were enrolled. ADRs were recorded using the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) ADR reporting form and assessed using Naranjo and WHO UMC scales. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis.

Results: Among 196 enrolled patients, 39 (20%) experienced ADRs. The most common ADRs were sedation (10.2%), gum hypertrophy (5.1%), constipation (4.6%), vomiting (4.1%), nausea (4.1%), rash (3.6%), and abdominal pain (3.6%). Causality assessment showed 56.42% of ADRs were probable and 43.58% were possible using both the Naranjo and WHO UMC scales.

Conclusions: ADRs to antiseizure drugs are common in pediatric patients, with sedation being the most frequent. Most ADRs were of probable or possible causality. Regular monitoring and early recognition can improve treatment outcomes and quality of life.

Assessment and management of adverse drug reactions in general medicine department: a prospective observational study

2026-02-24T06:56:57+0530

Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are unintended and harmful responses to medications given at normal therapeutic doses. They contribute significantly to morbidity and prolonged hospital stays, particularly in general medicine departments where polypharmacy and comorbidities are common. The study aimed to monitor, evaluate, and prevent ADRs among inpatients in the general medicine department using established pharmacovigilance tools to enhance treatment safety and effectiveness.

Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted over three months in the general medicine department of a tertiary care hospital. Inpatients aged ≥18 years receiving at least one medication and consenting to participate were included. ADRs were identified through active monitoring of clinical signs and records. Each ADR was evaluated for causality (using WHO-UMC and Naranjo's algorithm), severity (Hartwig and Siegel scale), and preventability (Schumock and Thornton scale).

Results: Among 170 patients, the highest incidence of ADRs was observed in the 41-60 years group (40.6%), with females affected more than males. Hypertension (HTN) and diabetes were common comorbidities. The most frequently suspected drugs included Inj. Monocef, Inj. Levipil, and Inj. Zofer. Antibiotics and gastrointestinal medications accounted for the majority of ADRs. The majority of ADRs were moderate, probable in causality, and potentially preventable. Management involved withdrawal or dose adjustment of the suspected drug, leading to high recovery rates.

Conclusions: This study emphasizes the importance of vigilant ADR monitoring in general medicine. Early detection, risk factor evaluation, and proper management significantly reduce ADR related complications. Strengthening pharmacovigilance practices can enhance patient safety and therapeutic outcomes in clinical settings.

Knowledge, attitude, and practice of disposal of unused or expired medicines among medical students of South Delhi

2026-02-24T06:56:57+0530

Background: Many people are unaware about the disposal of expired medications. Improper disposal and misuse of medicines have major safety and environmental concerns, which makes appropriate disposal practices essential. Objectives were to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of disposal of unused or expired medications among medical students.

Methods: A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted among 150 first-year medical undergraduate students. Data were collected using a Google form designed to evaluate knowledge, attitude, and practices related to the disposal of unused and expired medications. Responses were analysed using Microsoft excel (2019 version) and explained in frequencies and percentages.

Results: Among the 150 participants, 52% were aged 19-20 years and 56.7% were female. 74.7% were correct that the expiration date was the date after which a medicine becomes unsuitable for use. 20.7% returned unused medicines to medical stores, while 3.3% believed that using expired medicines is illegal. Approximately 19.3% think that unused medicines should be disposed in the red bag. Few (10%) think that the health care system should be responsible for the disposal of unused/expired drugs. The 8.7% consider disposal of aerosol canisters into water bodies. Awareness about the medicine disposal policy in India was low (10.7%). Although 88.7% checked expiry dates before using medicines, improper disposal practices were still observed. The 96.7% required educational programs on safe medication disposal.

Conclusions: The study revealed poor awareness among first-year medical students regarding hazards of improper drug disposal. Knowledge gaps led to incorrect practices. WHO guidelines should be implemented, with regular awareness programs promoting safe medication disposal practices.

Assessment of prescribing pattern, adverse drug reactions and drug information sources in middle aged diabetic hypertensives at a tertiary care hospital in central India: a prospective observational study

2026-02-24T06:56:55+0530

Background: Prescription pattern studies are powerful exploratory tools to ascertain the role of drugs in society. Aim of this study is to analyze the prescription pattern and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with co-existing hypertension in a tertiary care hospital and fulfill the drug information needs of the physician and give feedback to the prescribers to improve quality of healthcare.

Methods: An observational cross-sectional study is conducted in general medicine OPD at tertiary care hospital in central India after approval of IEC for a period of 1 year and 6 months. The data of prescriptions of patients having T2DM with co-existing hypertension and patient specific queries on drug information were collected and interpreted using WHO Core drug use prescribing indicators, JNC 8 and American diabetes association 2021 guidelines for hypertensive diabetic patients. Suspected ADRs reporting forms were analyzed by ADR causality and severity assessment scales.

Results: Study population included 160 patients with T2DM and co-existing hypertension. Most common antidiabetic class of drugs prescribed was biguanides (79.4%) followed by sulfonylureas (76.3%). Insulin was prescribed to 25% of the study population. Calcium channel blockers (CCB) (41.3%) were the most prescribed antihypertensive class of drugs followed by ACE inhibitors (37.5%). Polypharmacy was seen in 29.4% of the study population. In the study population, number of patients with drug information queries were 56 (35%), commonest queries being adverse effects and dosage of drugs. ADRs reported were only 12 (7.5%) of 160 patients, hypoglycemia (3.75%) being most common under study, indicating under reporting.

Conclusions: In this study, monotherapy was more often prescribed than the combination drug therapy. biguanides (metformin) and CCBs (amlodipine) were the most frequently prescribed agents among oral hypoglycemics and antihypertensive. Diabetes and hypertension when coexist multiply the risk of many hazardous complications which can kept in check by rational prescribing using WHO drug use indicators and adhering to recent standard treatment guidelines. Pharmacovigilance awareness at every level of health care system regarding ADR reporting is of utmost importance.

Breaking barriers: a study on knowledge, attitudes, and practices of Materiovigilance among healthcare workers in Central India

2026-02-24T06:56:53+0530

Background: Materiovigilance (Mv) plays a crucial role in patient safety, as medical device adverse events (MDAE) and its reporting and monitoring will help to ensure safety of patient. Healthcare professionals’ awareness and participation, however, remain suboptimal despite implementation of Mv program of India (MvPI) in 2015. An in-depth understanding of their knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) is key to bridging gap between policy and practice.

Methods: This was an observational, cross-sectional study using a survey on Google Forms sent through social networks. The survey comprised 22 questions related to KAP regarding Mv. Survey responses were obtained from healthcare professionals in Central India. Data were analysed to identify trends and gaps in awareness and engagement.

Results: The 344 out of 500 doctors, Postgraduate residents responded, yielding a response rate of 68.8%. A total of 91.8% accepted adverse event caused by medical devices, and 82.5% accepted that it is responsibility for healthcare professionals to report the events. Despite of having encountered adverse events related to medical device in practice 73.8%, a minor proportion, 25.6%, reported adverse events, while 85.5% showed willingness to report.

Conclusions: Preliminary findings suggest limited awareness among healthcare professionals about MvPI and its reporting protocols. A significant gap exists in their knowledge and practices, underscoring the need for targeted awareness campaigns and training to enhance reporting of MDAEs.

Safety study of Herbified® shilajit resin

2026-02-24T06:56:52+0530

Background: Shilajit is an ancient herbo-mineral compound with numerous proven health benefits. In recent times, Shilajit has been extensively studied in preclinical and clinical models to validate its documented effects. However, there are very few preclinical safety studies from India, and they are scattered.

Methods: In the present study, we evaluated the safety of Herbified® Shilajit resin in a subacute oral toxicity study in Wistar rats. The study was conducted for 28 days for the treatment and control groups. For the satellite control and satellite reversal group, the study was extended for an additional 14 days. In the current manuscript, we documented body weight, biochemical and hematological parameters, and histopathological analysis of vital organs in male and female groups.

Results: The study showed that treatment with low-, moderate-, and high-dose Herbified® Shilajit was safe, and outcomes across all parameters were comparable to those of the control group. Also, the outcomes in the satellite control and satellite reversal groups were similar to those in the control group.

Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, 206.65 mg/kg, p.o., of Shilajit in rats is safe, equivalent to approximately 2000 mg of Shilajit for an adult human (60 kg).

Docetaxel-induced ichthyosiform eruption following third cycle of chemotherapy in oropharyngeal carcinoma: a case report

2026-02-24T06:57:03+0530

Docetaxel is a taxane chemotherapeutic agent associated with various dermatologic adverse effects. Ichthyosiform eruption is a rare and often underrecognized cutaneous manifestation of docetaxel therapy. We report the case of a 61-year-old female patient with oropharyngeal carcinoma who developed a generalized ichthyosiform eruption after receiving her third cycle of docetaxel-based chemotherapy. The patient presented with widespread dry, scaly skin resembling a fish-scale pattern. Laboratory investigations including thyroid function tests and lipid profile were within normal limits. The patient was not on statin therapy or other medications known to cause ichthyosiform eruptions. A diagnosis of docetaxel-induced ichthyosiform eruption was established based on clinical presentation, temporal relationship with chemotherapy, and exclusion of other etiologies. The patient was managed conservatively with intensive emolliation and keratolytic agents with subsequent improvement. Ichthyosiform eruption is a rare but clinically significant adverse effect of docetaxel chemotherapy that can impact patient quality of life. Clinicians should be aware of this presentation to facilitate early recognition and appropriate management. This case adds to the limited literature on this uncommon dermatologic toxicity and emphasizes the importance of systematic evaluation to exclude metabolic and drug-induced causes of acquired ichthyosis.

Acanthomatous ameloblastoma of the mandible: a recurrent odontogenic tumor mimicking multiple cystic lesions: a case report

2026-02-24T06:56:52+0530

Ameloblastoma is a benign but locally aggressive odontogenic tumor characterized by a high recurrence rate. Among its histopathological variants, acanthomatous ameloblastoma is uncommon and often poses a diagnostic challenge due to its resemblance to other cystic and neoplastic jaw lesions. We reported a case of recurrent acanthomatous ameloblastoma involving the left posterior mandible in a young adult male with a prior surgical history. The lesion presented as a slowly progressive swelling associated with tooth mobility and pus discharge. Clinical, radiographic, surgical, and histopathological findings were correlated to arrive at a definitive diagnosis. This case highlights the importance of comprehensive evaluation and long-term follow-up in managing recurrent ameloblastomas.

Dasatinib induced perinephric hematoma in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia: an uncommon adverse event of Dasatinib therapy

2026-02-24T06:56:51+0530

Dasatinib, a second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) used in chronic myelogenous leukemia and Ph-positive leukemias, is known for adverse effects such as myelosuppression, gastrointestinal disturbances, fluid retention, rashes, and bleeding diathesis. This report presents a rare case of Dasatinib-induced perinephric hematoma in a 60-year-old woman with BCR-ABL–positive CML. Shortly after initiating Dasatinib, she developed frank hematuria, and CT-KUB revealed a large right perinephric hematoma with active bleeding from right renal artery branches, requiring embolization. No alternative etiology for the hemorrhage was identified. Discontinuation of Dasatinib and supportive management—including blood transfusion and intravenous fluids—led to gradual hematoma resolution without recurrence. A Naranjo score of 7 indicated a probable drug-related adverse event. This case emphasizes the need for clinicians to recognize rare but serious bleeding complications of Dasatinib, which may occur despite normal platelet counts and normal coagulation parameters, likely due to impaired platelet function.

Comparison of the educational outcome in pharmacology, among the MBBS students of CBME and pre-CBME batch: a cross-sectional study

2026-02-24T06:57:00+0530

In 2019, the new competency based medical education (CBME) was implemented for undergraduate medical students. Competence is defined as the habitual and prudent application of communication, knowledge, technical skills, clinical reasoning, emotions, values, and reflection in everyday practice for the benefit of the individual and community being served. The objective of the newly introduced curriculum is to continue and promote medical education by making it more learner-centric, patient-centric, gender-sensitive, outcome-oriented, and environment-appropriate. Students of CBME and pre-CBME were divided in to 3 groups based on their previous academic performance. A sample size of 90 was considered, 45 students from CBME and 45 from pre-CBME batch. Students were given the questionnaire framed according to the domains of CBME curriculum. Later, assessment was done at the end and the results were compared between 2 batches. CBME curriculum students performed better than pre-CBME batch in terms of theoretical and practical knowledge, also in attitude, ethics and communication (AETCOM).

Effectiveness and safety of once-weekly semaglutide for weight loss in adults with overweight or obesity: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials

2026-02-24T06:57:01+0530

Obesity is a major global health problem associated with diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and premature mortality, and lifestyle modification alone often results in insufficient long-term weight reduction. Semaglutide, a once-weekly glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, has demonstrated significant weight-loss effects in randomized trials; however, a consolidated evaluation of its efficacy, safety, dose–response relationship, and metabolic effects across adult populations is required. We conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials identified through a comprehensive search of seven databases and trial registries (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, Scopus, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, and WHO ICTRP) from January 2000 to January 2025. Of 923 records screened, 41 trials met eligibility criteria and 36 contributed quantitative data, enrolling adults with body mass index ≥30 kg/m² or ≥27 kg/m² with comorbidities and evaluating once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide (0.5 mg, 1.0 mg, or 2.4 mg) for at least 12 weeks versus placebo or active comparators. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2 tool, and random-effects models were used to generate pooled estimates. Among 23,184 participants, semaglutide resulted in a mean weight reduction of -11.82% (95% CI -13.06 to -10.53), with the greatest effect observed at the 2.4 mg dose (-14.89%, 95% CI -16.41 to -13.21), and significantly increased the likelihood of achieving clinically relevant weight-loss thresholds (p<0.0001 for all efficacy outcomes). Significant improvements were also observed in glycaemic and cardiometabolic parameters, including reductions in HbA1c (-0.89%), fasting glucose (-14.7 mg/dL), triglycerides (-22.8 mg/dL), and systolic blood pressure (-5.81 mmHg). Gastrointestinal adverse events were more frequent with semaglutide but were generally mild to moderate, and the incidence of serious adverse events (SAEs) was comparable to control groups. Overall, once-weekly semaglutide produces substantial and sustained weight loss with meaningful metabolic benefits and an acceptable safety profile, supporting its role as an effective pharmacological option for the management of obesity.