Unraveling Iris ensata Thunb: a pharmacognostical, physicochemical and HPLC-assisted phytochemical investigation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20254149Keywords:
Iris ensata, Herbal medicine, StandardizationAbstract
Background: Iris ensata Thunb, commonly known as the Japanese iris, is a species of flowering plant in the Iris family (Iridaceae). Native to Japan, China, Korea, and Russia, it thrives in wetland environments and is often found near ponds and streams.
Methods: To standardize the test drug, various analytical techniques were employed, including organoleptic evaluation, extractive value determination, ash content analysis, phytochemical screening, elemental analysis, fluorescence study, and HPLC profiling.
Results: The findings revealed that the total ash content was 6.98%, while the water-soluble and alcohol-soluble extractive values were 13.3% and 9.81%, respectively. The loss on drying was recorded at 4.21%, foreign matter was 0.66% and the bulk density was found to be 0.63%. The HPLC analysis displayed 18 peaks, with peak 02 and peak 03 being the most significant, showing area concentrations and retention times of 54.676% at 2.828 minutes and 43.822% at 3.051 minutes, respectively.
Conclusions: This study provided essential reference data for ensuring the quality, purity, and identification of future batches of I. ensata Thunb contributing to its standardization in medicinal applications.
Metrics
References
Orhan I, Nasim S, Sener B, Ayanoglu F, Ozguven M, Chaudhary MI, et al. Two isoflavones and bioactivity spectrum of the crude extracts of Iris germanica rhizomes. Phytother Res. 2003;17(5):575-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1169
Benoit-Vical F, Imbert C, Jean-Paul B, Sauvaire Y. Antiplasmodial and antifungal activities of iridal, a plant triterpenoid. Phytochemistry. 2003;62(5):747-51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00625-8
Wang H, Cui Y, Zhao C. Flavonoids of the genus Iris (Iridaceae). Mini Rev Med Chem. 2010;10(7):643-61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/138955710791384027
Rahman A, Nasim S, Baig I, Sener B, Orhan I, Ayanoglu F, et al. Two new isoflavanoids from the rhizomes of Iris soforana. Nat Prod Res. 2004;18(5):465-71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14786410310001608136
Choudhary MI, Hareem S, Siddiqui H, Anjum S, Ali S, Atta-Ur-Rahman, et al. A benzil and isoflavone from Iris tenuifolia. Phytochemistry. 2008;69:1880-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.03.011
Ibrahim SR, Mohamed GA, Zayed MF, Ross SA. 8-Hydroxyirilone 5-methyl ether and 8-hydroxyirilone, new antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitors isoflavonoids from Iris germanica rhizomes. Bioorg Chem. 2017;70:192-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2016.12.010
Basgedik B, Aysel U, Nurdan S. Antimicrobial, antioxidant, antimutagenic activities, and phenolic compounds of Iris germanica. Ind Crops Prod. 2014;61:526-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.07.022
Nazir N, Koul S, Qurishi MA, Taneja SC, Ahmad SF, Khan B, et al. Immunomodulatory activity of isoflavones isolated from Iris germanica (Iridaceae) on T-lymphocytes and cytokines. Phytother Res. 2009;23(3):428-33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2683
Mohamed GA, Ibrahim SR, Ross SA. New ceramides and isoflavone from the Egyptian Iris germanica L. rhizomes. Phytochem Lett. 2013;6(3):340-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2013.04.009
Roger B, Jeannot V, Fernandez X, Cerantola S, Chahboun, J. Characterization and quantification of flavonoids in Iris germanica L. and Iris pallida Lam. resinoids from Morocco. Phytochem Anal. 2012;23(5):450-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.1379
Mozaffarian V. Identification of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Iran. Tehran: Farhang-e Moaser. 2012.
Kukula-Koch W, Sieniawska E, Widelski J, Urjin O, Głowniak, P, Skalicka-Wo´zniak, K. Major secondary metabolites of Iris spp. Phytochem Rev. 2015;14(1):51-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-013-9333-1
Asghar SF, Habib-ur-Rehman, Atta-ur-Rahman, Choudhary MI. Phytochemical investigations on Iris germanica. Nat Prod Res. 2010;24(2):131-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14786410802435950
Anonymous. The Unani Pharmacopoeia of India, Part- I, Vol- II. Government of India; 2009.
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Department of AYUSH, New Delhi; 2007:57-58.
Anonymous, The Wealth of India: a dictionary of raw materials and industrial products. Raw Materials. Vol- V. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Delhi; 1997:255.
Kirtikar KK, Basu BD. Indian Medicinal Plant. Vol- IV. International Book Distributors, Dehradun; 1987:2460.
Salim S, Khanday S, Kalam MA, Yousuf A, Rifat I, Butt T. Exploring morphological and phytochemical differences in Iris ensata (Sosan asmanjuni) and market varieties. Tradition Med. 2025;6(1):32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35702/Trad.10032
Momin A, Zaibunnisa B, Ather MR. Therapeutic Insights into Iris ensata Thunb. (Irsa): bridging Unani wisdom and modern pharmacology. Int J Creat Res Thoughts. 2025;13(8):402-15.
Khatib S, Faraloni C, Bouissane L. Exploring the use of iris species: antioxidant properties, phytochemistry, medicinal and industrial applications. Antioxidants. 2022;11(3):526. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11030526
Sumaiya S, Siddiqui A, Chaudhary SS, Aslam M, Jamal A, Phytochemistry, traditional uses and biological activities of Irsa (Iris ensata Thunb): a multi potent Unani medicine. JBPAS. 2023;12(4):1770-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31032/IJBPAS/2023/12.4.7076
Neeraj C, Bhupinder SS. An overview of advances in the standardization of herbal drugs. J Pharm Educ Res. 2011;2(2):55-70.
Akbar S, Hanif U, Ali J, Ishtiaq S. Pharmacognostic studies of stem, roots and leaves of Malva parviflora L. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2014;4(5):410-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12980/APJTB.4.2014C1107
Uza NU, Dastagir G. Microscopic and pharmacognostic standardization of Astragalus scorpiurus Bunge. Microsc Res Tech. 2022;85(1):324-38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.23907
Nisar MF, Khadim M, Rafiq M, Chen J, Yang Y, Wan CC. Plant complexes and their isolated compounds for oxidative stress and inflammation: from basic research to clinical evidence. Oxidat Med Cell Long. 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/2497354
Latif A, Rehman S. Standardization of an herbal medicine- Swertia chirayita linn. Pharmacophore. 2014;5(1):98-108.
Zameer M, Rauf A, Qasmi IA. Standardization and safety evaluation of a polyherbal formulation “Kabideen (Syrup). Intern J Adv Res. 2015;3(9):1105-14.
Mohammad R, Shariq S, Roohi Z. Preliminary physico-chemical evaluation of sunun poste mughilan. Hippocrat J Unani Med. 2014;2:9-19.
Sumitra C. Importance of pharmacognostic study of medicinal plants: an overview. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2014;2(5):69-73.
Kirti MK, Leena SP, Khanvilkar VV, Vilasrao JK. Fingerprinting techniques in herbal standardization. Indo Am J Pharm Res. 2014;4(2):1049-62.
Flegler SL, Heckman Jr JW, Klomparens KL. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York; 1993.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
