An insight to kidney dialysis treatment

Authors

  • Amber Subhan Department of Pharmacy, Pulla Reddy Institute of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, India
  • Lolla Siddharth Department of Pharmacy, Pulla Reddy Institute of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, India
  • Samarin Saba Department of Pharmacy, Pulla Reddy Institute of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, India
  • Safura Khanam Department of Pharmacy, Pulla Reddy Institute of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, India
  • Mudimala Rekha Goud Department of Pharmacy, Pulla Reddy Institute of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, India

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20251851

Keywords:

End stage renal disease, Haemodialysis, Renal function, Treatment

Abstract

The kidneys are a pair of crucial organs that perform multiple functions in maintaining the cleanliness and chemical balance of blood. The two most common causes of kidney damage are high blood pressure and diabetes. The national kidney foundation recommends three simple tests: a blood pressure check, a spot check for protein or albumin in the urine, and calculation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) based on a serum creatinine measurement. Ridding the blood of waste and extra water is done through the procedure of dialysis. It is basically used in patients with renal failure to create an artificial substitute for the lost kidney function. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is a condition other referred to as ESRD, referring to complete or almost complete, irreversible kidney failure. If treatment is not received, uremia can cause a coma, seizures, and death. Patients may require dialysis or a kidney transplant if both kidneys fail completely.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Finco DR. Kidney Function. In Elsevier eBooks. 1997;441-84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012396305-5/50018-X

Narayanaswamy L, Murthy RGP, Rajappa NG, Patil A, Tharayil AS, Sairaman V. Assessment of intradialytic complications and predisposing factors in chronic kidney disease individuals receiving hemodialysis. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia. 2024;21(4):1683-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13005/bbra/3336

Chan JCM, Williams DM, Roth KS. Kidney failure in infants and children. Pediatr Rev. 2002;23(2):47-60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.23-2-47

Kellum JA. Acute kidney injury. Critical Care Med. 2008;36(1):S141-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e318168c4a4

Kalantar-Zadeh K, Jafar TH, Nitsch D, Neuen BL, Perkovic V. Chronic kidney disease. The Lancet. 2021;398(10302):786-802. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00519-5

Hakim RM, Lazarus JM. Initiation of dialysis. J Am Society Nephrol. 1995;6(5):1319-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.V651319

Varughese S. Kidney transplantation-Principles and practice. The Indian J Med Res. 2020;152(6):668. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_2854_20

Sperati CJ. Hemodialysis: initiation and complications. In Springer eBooks. 2012;333-48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4454-1_31

Raimann JG. Handbook of Dialysis Fifth Edition by Daugirdas JT, Blake PG, Ing TS. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2014;900.

Cooper BA, Branley P, Bulfone L, Collins JF, Craig JC, Fraenkel MB, et al. A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Early versus Late Initiation of Dialysis. N Eng J Med. 2010;363(7):609-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1000552

Daugirdas JT, Depner TA, Inrig J, Mehrotra R, Rocco MV, Suri RS, et al. KDOQI Clinical Practice Guideline for Hemodialysis Adequacy: 2015 update. Am J Kidney Dis. 2015;66(5):884-930.

Boure T. Which dialyser membrane to choose? Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 2004;19(2):293-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfg508

Schiffl H. High‐Flux dialyzers, backfiltration, and dialysis fluid quality. Seminars Dialysis. 2011;24(1):1-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-139X.2010.00786.x

Coulliette AD, Arduino MJ. Hemodialysis and water quality. Seminars Dialysis. 2013;26(4):427-38.

Bommer J, Jaber BL. Unresolved issues in dialysis: Ultrapure dialysate: Facts and myths. Seminars in Dialysis. 2006;19(2):115-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-139X.2006.00136.x

Coulliette AD, Arduino MJ. Hemodialysis and water quality. Seminars in Dialysis. 2013;26(4):427-38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/sdi.12113

Daugirdas JT, Depner TA, Inrig J, Mehrotra R, Rocco MV, Suri RS, et al. KDOQI Clinical Practice Guideline for Hemodialysis Adequacy: 2015 update. Am J Kidney Dis. 2015;66(5):884-930. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.07.015

Clinical Practice Guidelines for Hemodialysis Adequacy, Update 2006. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006;48:S2-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.03.051

Eknoyan G, Beck GJ, Cheung AK, Daugirdas JT, Greene T, Kusek JW, et al. Effect of dialysis dose and membrane flux in maintenance hemodialysis. N Eng J Med. 2002;347(25):2010-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa021583

Locatelli F, Buoncristiani U, Canaud B, Kohler H, Petitclerc T, Zucchelli P. Dialysis dose and frequency. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 2004;20(2):285-96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfh550

Gokal R, Mallick N. Peritoneal dialysis. The Lancet. 1999;353(9155):823-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)09410-0

Alkatheeri AM, Blake PG, Gray D, Jain AK. Success of Urgent-Start peritoneal dialysis in a large Canadian renal program. Peritoneal Dialysis Int. 2015;36(2):171-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2014.00148

Phu NH, Hien TT, Mai NTH, Chau TTH, Van Chuong L, Loc PP, et al. Hemofiltration and peritoneal dialysis in Infection-Associated acute renal Failure in Vietnam. N Eng J Med. 2002;347(12):895-902. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa020074

Gabriel D, Caramori J, Martim L, Barretti P, Balbi A. High volume peritoneal dialysis vs daily hemodialysis: A randomized, controlled trial in patients with acute kidney injury. Kidney Int. 2008;73:S87-93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5002608

Ranganathan D, John GT, Yeoh E, Williams N, O’Loughlin B, Han T, et al. A Randomized Controlled Trial to Determine the Appropriate Time to Initiate Peritoneal Dialysis after Insertion of Catheter (Timely PD Study). Peritoneal Dialysis Int. 2017;37(4):420-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2016.00066

Perl J, Bargman JM. Peritoneal dialysis: from bench to bedside and bedside to bench. AJP Renal Physiol. 2016;311(5):F999-1004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00012.2016

Wens R, Taminne M, Devriendt J, Collart F, Broeders N, Mestrez F, et al. A previously undescribed side effect of icodextrin: overestimation of glycemi A by glucose analyzer. Peritoneal Dialysis Int. 1998;18(6):603-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/089686089801800608

Extraneal full prescribing information. Available at: http://www.baxterpi.com/pipdf/Extraneal_PI.pdf. Accessed on 6 April 2025.

Bargman JM, Thorpe KE, Churchill DN. Relative contribution of residual renal function and peritoneal clearance to adequacy of dialysis. J Am Society Nephrol. 2001;12(10):2158-62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.V12102158

Paniagua R, Amato D, Vonesh E, Correa-Rotter R, Ramos A, Moran J, et al. Effects of increased peritoneal clearances on mortality rates in peritoneal dialysis. J Am Society Nephrol. 2002;13(5):1307-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.V1351307

Htay H, Cho Y, Pascoe EM, Darssan D, Hawley C, Johnson DW. Predictors of residual renal function decline in peritoneal dialysis patients: TheBalANZ Trial. Peritoneal Dialysis Int. 2016;37(3):283-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2016.00206

Zhang L, Zeng X, Fu P, Wu HM. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preserving residual kidney function in peritoneal dialysis patients. Cochrane Library. 2014;11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009120.pub2

Del Peso G, Bajo MA, Costero O. Risk factors for abdominal wall complications in peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int. 2003;23:249-54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/089686080302300306

Yang S, Liu C, Yang W, Chang C, Yang C, Li S, et al. The risk factors and the impact of hernia development on technique survival in peritoneal dialysis patients: A Population-Based Cohort study. Peritoneal Dialysis Int. 2014;35(3):351-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2013.00139

Mehrotra R, Devuyst O, Davies SJ, Johnson DW. The current state of peritoneal dialysis. J Am Society Nephrol. 2016;27(11):3238-52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2016010112

Li PK, Szeto CC, Piraino B, De Arteaga J, Fan S, Figueiredo AE, et al. ISPD Peritonitis Recommendations: 2016 Update on Prevention and Treatment. Peritoneal Dialysis Int. 2016;36(5):481-508. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2016.00078

Nomoto Y, Suga T, Nakajima K, Sakai H, Osawa G, Ota K, et al. Acute Hydrothorax in Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis; A Collaborative Study of 161 Centers. Am J Nephrol. 1989;9(5):363-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000167997

Foy M, Sperati CJ. What the non‐nephrologist needs to know about dialysis. Seminars Dialysis. 2018;31(2):183-92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/sdi.12671

Rifai AA, Sukul N, Wonnacott R, Heung M. Safety of arteriovenous fistulae and grafts for continuous renal replacement therapy: The Michigan experience. Hemodialysis Int. 2017;22(1):50-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/hdi.12550

Khwaja A. KDIGO Clinical Practice Guidelines for Acute Kidney Injury. Nephron Clin Pract. 2012;120(4):c179-84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000339789

Bai M, Zhou M, He L, Ma F, Li Y, Yu Y, et al. Citrate versus heparin anticoagulation for continuous renal replacement therapy: an updated meta-analysis of RCTs. Intensive Care Med. 2015;41(12):2098-110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-015-4099-0

Morabito S, Pistolesi V, Tritapepe L, Fiaccadori E. Regional Citrate Anticoagulation for RRTs in Critically Ill Patients with AKI. Clin J Am Society Nephrol. 2014;9(12):2173-88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.01280214

Bart BA, Goldsmith SR, Lee KL, Givertz MM, O’Connor CM, Bull DA, et al. Ultrafiltration in Decompensated Heart Failure with Cardiorenal Syndrome. N Eng J Med. 2012;367(24):2296-304. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1210357

Edrees F, Li T, Vijayan A. Prolonged intermittent renal replacement therapy. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2016;23(3):195-202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ackd.2016.03.003

Bellomo R, Cass A, Cole L, Finfer S, Gallagher M, Kim I, et al. The relationship between hypophosphataemia and outcomes during low-intensity and high-intensity continuous renal replacement therapy. Critical Care Resuscitation. 2014;16(1):34-44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1441-2772(23)01441-2

Downloads

Published

2025-06-24

How to Cite

Subhan, A., Siddharth, L., Saba, S., Khanam, S., & Goud, M. R. (2025). An insight to kidney dialysis treatment. International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, 14(4), 641–648. https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20251851

Issue

Section

Review Articles