Current review on COVID-19 pandemic: a global perspective

Hyma Sara Varghese

doi:10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20202959

Authors

Hyma Sara Varghese Department of Pharmacology, The Oxford College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20202959

Keywords:

COVID-19, SARA-CoV-2, Pandemic, Epidemic, Disease, Infection

Abstract

COVID-19 is a serious infectious disease caused by the novel corona virus, SARS-CoV2, threatening the public health with high transmission rate of infection causing more deaths across the globe in elderly population, immunocompromised individuals and in patients with comorbid conditions. At this point of uncertainty, understanding the pandemic challenges is most essential. As very few literature are becoming available in detailing the different perspectives of the disease, this paper presents the readers with current clinical spectrum of infection like details on epidemiology, pathogenesis, manifestations, diagnostic criteria, treatments and preventive measures of this new type of coronavirus.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, Chen YM, Wang W, Song ZG, et al. A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature. 2020;579(7798):265‐9.

Xiao K, Zhai J, Feng Y, Zhou N, Zhang X, Zou JJ, et al. Isolation of SARS-CoV-2-related coronavirus from Malayan pangolins. Nature. 2020.

Zaki AM, Boheemen VS, Bestebroer TM, Osterhaus ADME, Fouchier RAM. Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:1814-20.

Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395:507-13.

Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020;579:270-3.

Cui J, Li F, Shi ZL. Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2019;17(3):181-92.

Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395:497-506.

Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, et al. Genomic characterization and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020;395(10224):565-74.

Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and Important Lessons from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72314 Cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA. 2020.

Toit ADA. Outbreak of a novel coronavirus. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2020;18:123.

Ren LL, Wang YM, Wu ZQ, Xiang ZC, Guo L, Xu T, et al. Identification of a novel coronavirus causing severe pneumonia in human: a descriptive study. Chinese Med J. 2020;133(9):1015-24.

WHO, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report-152; 2020.

Chan JF, To KK, Tse H, Jin DY, Yuen KY. Interspecies transmission and emergence of novel viruses: lessons from bats and birds. Trends Microbiol. 2013;21:544-55.

Weiss SR, Martin NS. Coronavirus Pathogenesis and the Emerging Pathogen Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. Microbiol and Mol Bio Rev. 2005;69(4):635-64.

Wu A, Peng Y, Huang B, Ding X, Wang X, Niu P, et al. Genome composition and divergence of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) originating in China. Cell Host Microbe. 2020;27(3):325-8.

Hoffmann M, Weber KH, Kruger N, Muller M, Drosten C, Pohlmann S. The novel coronavirus 2019 (2019-nCoV) uses the SARS-coronavirus receptor ACE2 and the cellular protease TMPRSS2 for entry in to target cells. BioRxiv. 2020.

Wrapp D, Wang N, Corbett KS, Goldsmith JA, Hsieh CL, Abiona O, et al. Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. Science. 2020;367(6483):1260-3.

Shereena MA, Khana S, Kazmic A, Bashira N, Siddiquea R. COVID-19 infection: Origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses. J Adv Res. 2020;24:91-8.

Guo YR, Cao QD, Hong ZS, Tan YY, Chen SD, Jin HJ, et al. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak: an update on the status. Mil Med Res. 2020;7:11.

Tortorici MA, Veesler D. Structural insights into coronavirus entry. Adv Virus Res. 2019;105:93-116.

Ji W, Wang W, Zhao X, Zai J, Li X. Cross-species transmission of the newly identified coronavirus 2019nCoV. J Med Virol. 2020;92:433-40.

Zhang CY, Wei JF, He SH. Adaptive evolution of the spike gene of SARS coronavirus: changes in positively selected sites in different epidemic groups. BMC Microbiol. 2006;6:88.

Wilde DAH, Snijder EJ, Kikkert M, Hemert VM. Host Factors in Coronavirus Replication. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2008;419:1-42.

Hussain S, Pan Ja, Chen Y, Yang Y, Xu J, Peng Y, et al. Identification of Novel Subgenomic RNAs and Noncanonical Transcription Initiation Signals of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. J Virol. 2005;79:5288-95.

Lambeir AM, Durinx C, Scharpe S, Meester DI. Dipeptidylpeptidase IV from bench to bedside: An update on structural properties, functions, and clinical aspects of the enzyme DPP IV. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2003;40:209-94.

Chan JFW, Yuan S, Kok KH, Wang KKT, Chu H, Yang J, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet. 2020;395:514-23.

Lu CW, Liu XF, Jia ZF. 2019-nCoV transmission through the ocular surface must not be ignored. Lancet. 2020;395:39.

Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(18):1708-20.

Li D, Jin M, Bao P, Zhao W, Zhang S. Clinical Characteristics and Results of Semen Tests Among Men with Coronavirus Disease 2019. JAMA. 2020;3(5):208292.

Team T. Vital Surveillances: The Epidemiological Characteristics of an Outbreak of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Diseases (COVID-19) China, 2020. China CDC Weekly 2; 2020:113-22.

Wang D, Hu B, Hu C. Clinical Characteristics of yang Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061-9.

Arentz M, Yim E, Klaff L. Characteristics and Outcomes of 21 Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19 in Washington State. JAMA. 2020;323(16):1612-4.

Yang Y, Lu Q, Liu M, Wang Y, Zhang A, Jalali N, et al. Epidemiological and clinical features of the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in China. Med Rxiv. 2020.

Zhe Xu, Lei Shi, Wang Y, Zhang J, Huang L, Zhang C, et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8:420-22.

Mao L, Wang M, Chen S, He Q, Chang J, Hong C, et al. Neurological manifestations of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective case series study; 2020.

Wan S, Yi Q, Fan S. Characteristics of lymphocyte subsets and cytokines in peripheral blood of 123 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP). Med Rxiv. 2020.

Yao X, He Z, Li T Zhang H, Wang Y, Mou H. Pathological evidence for residual SARS-CoV-2 in pulmonary tissues of a ready for discharge patient. Cell Res. 2020.

Hwang DM, Chamberlain DW, Poutanen SM, Low DE, Asa SL, Butany J. Pulmonary pathology of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Toronto. Modern Pathol. 2005;18(1):1-10.

Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):727-33.

High KP. Nutritional strategies to boost immunity and prevent infection in elderly individuals. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:1892-900.

Hemila H. Vitamin C intake and susceptibility to pneumonia. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1997;16:836-7.

Jin YH, Cai L, Cheng ZS, Cheng H, Deng T, Fan YP, et al. A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia. Mil Med Res. 2020;7(1):4.

Holshue ML, Bolt DC, Lindquist, Lofy KH, Wiesman. First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(10):929-36.

US Food and Drug Administration, Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for emergency use of remdesivir for the treatment of hospitalized 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients; 2020.

Gautret P, Lagier JC, Parola P, Hoang VT, Meddeb L, Mailhe M, et al. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;20:105949.

Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, Yang X, Liu J, Xu M, et al. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res. 2020;30:269271.

Lim J, Jeon S, Shin HY, Kim MJ, Seong YM, Lee WJ, et al. Case of the Index Patient Who Caused Tertiary Transmission of COVID-19 Infection in Korea: The Application of Lopinavir/Ritonavir for the Treatment of COVID-19 Infected Pneumonia Monitored by Quantitative RT-PCR. J Korean Med Sci. 2020;35:79.

Jenkins MJ, Campos SM, Baillie JK, Cleary P, Khaw FM, Lim WS, et al. The effectiveness of convalescent plasma and hyperimmune immunoglobulin for the treatment of severe acute respiratory infections of viral etiology: a systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis. J Infec Dis. 2015;211:80-90.

Shen C, Wang Z, Zhao F, Yang Y, Li J, Yuan J, et al. Treatment of 5 critically Ill patients with COVID-19 with convalescent plasma. JAMA. 2020.

Mullard A. COVID vaccine development pipeline gears up. Lancet. 2020:395(10239)1751-2.