Crinum zeylanicum memory enhancing effect is mediated via central cholinergic transmission system
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20150857Keywords:
Azheimer’s disease, Cholinesterase activity, Blood, Brain homogenate, Y-mazeAbstract
Background: Crinum zeylanicum is widely used in the ethno-therapeutic management of folk management of epilepsy, pain, neuropsychiatric, and dementing disorders in Nigeria. The current study was carried out to evaluate the possible mechanism of the memory enhancing the effect of C. zeylanicum extract and alkaloidal rich fraction in Wistar rats.
Methods: The effect of Crinum zeylanicum bulb extract (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg body weight orally), alkaloidal rich fraction (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg body weight p.o.), normal saline (10 ml/kg orally), or Eserine (0.3 mg/kg body weight i.p.) on spatial memory in rats was evaluated using the Y-maze. The blood samples obtained from rats in all treatment groups were evaluated for cholinesterase activities using modified Michelle electrometric method.
Results: The extract and the alkaloid significantly (p<0.05) and dose-dependently increased spontaneous alternation behavior of rats in Y-maze. The extract produced 20.00%, 35.55%, and 52.00% inhibition of cholinesterase activity in the blood at 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg body weight, respectively. The alkaloid produced 56.67%, 62.67%, and 68.67% inhibition of cholinesterase activity in blood at 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg body weight (p.o.). Eserine a standard cholinesterase inhibitor at 0.3 mg/kg body weight produced a significant increase in spontaneous alternation behavior and produced 73.33% inhibition of blood cholinesterase activity. Data obtained from the study showed that the enhanced spontaneous alternation behavior observed in rats treated with the extract, and the alkaloid may be due to facilitation of cholinergic transmission resulting from inhibition of cholinesterase activity.
Conclusion: The extract, as well as its partially purified alkaloid, possesses potential that may be employed for therapeutic management of Alzheimer’s disease.
References
Alikatte KL, Akondi BR, Yerragunta VG, Veerareddy PR, Palle S. Antiamnesic activity of Syzygium cumini against scopolamine induced spatial memory impairments in rats. Brain Dev. 2012;34(10):844-51.
Kalaria RN, Maestre GE, Arizaga R, Friedland RP, Galasko D, Hall K, et al. Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia in developing countries: prevalence, management, and risk factors. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7(9):812-26.
Cummings JL, Vinters HV, Cole GM, Khachaturian ZS. Alzheimer’s disease: etiologies, pathophysiology, cognitive reserve, and treatment opportunities. Neurology. 1998;51 Suppl 1:S2-17.
Francis PT, Palmer AM, Snape M, Wilcock GK. The cholinergic hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease: a review of progress. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999;66(2):137-47.
Lahiri DK, Farlow MR, Greig NH, Sambamurti K. Current drug targets for Alzheimer’s disease treatment. Drug Dev Res. 2002;56:267-81.
Thompson S, Lanctôt KL, Herrmann N. The benefits and risks associated with cholinesterase inhibitor therapy in Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2004;3(5):425-40.
Fang L, Kraus B, Lehmann J, Heilmann J, Zhang Y, Decker M. Design and synthesis of tacrine-ferulic acid hybrids as multi-potent anti-Alzheimer drug candidates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2008;18(9):2905-9.
Adeniyi TY, Salawu OA, Joseph AA, Hussaini IM. Anticonvulsant, sedative, and anxiolytic effects of Crinum zeylanicum methanolic bulb extract Linn (Amaryllidacea) in rat. Presented at the launching of the West African. Health Research Network held at the Splendid Hotel, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, from November 22-24, 2010.
Tijani AY, Salawu OA, Anuka JA. Crinum zeylanicum methanolic bulb extract improves scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice. Mol Clin Pharm. 2012;3(1):21-9.
Yahaya Tijani A, Adeola Salawu O, Jaiyeoba GL, Akponso Anuka J, Marte Hussaini I. Neuro-pharmacological effects of Crinum zeylanicum in mice. Avicenna J Phytomed. 2012;2(3):162-8.
Tijani AY, Salawu OA, Odeniran AO. Neuropharmacological effects of Crinum zeylanicum alkaloid fraction in laboratory animals. Pharmacol Online. 2012;1:51-8.
Pohanka M. Inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase meet immunity. Int J Mol Sci. 2014;15(6):9809-25.
Kim HG, Moon M, Choi JG, Park G, Kim AJ, Hur J, et al. Donepezil inhibits the amyloid-beta oligomer-induced microglial activation in vitro and in vivo. Neurotoxicology. 2014;40:23-32.
Mohammad FK, Faris GA, al-Kassim NA. A modified electrometric method for measurement of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity in sheep. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1997;39(6):337-9.
Ofek K, Soreq H. Cholinergic involvement and manipulation approaches in multiple system disorders. Chem Biol Interact. 2013;203(1):113-9.
Tripathi A, Srivastava UC. Acetylcholineasterase: a versatile enzyme of the nervous system. Ann Neurosci. 2008;15:106-10.
Kang SY, Lee KY, Koo KA, Yoon JS, Lim SW, Kim YC, et al. ESP-102, a standardized combined extract of Angelica gigas, Saururus chinensis and Schizandra chinensis, significantly improved scopolamine-induced memory impairment in rat. Life Sci. 2005;76:1691-705.
Mehta SH, Sudarshi D, Srikrishnan AK, Celentano DD, Vasudevan CK, Anand S, et al. Factors associated with injection cessation, relapse and initiation in a community-based cohort of injection drug users in Chennai, India. Addiction. 2012;107(2):349-58.
Alzheimer’s Association 2012 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement. 2012;8(2):131-68.
Tayeb HO, Yang HD, Price BH, Tarazi FI. Pharmacotherapies for Alzheimer’s disease: beyond cholinesterase inhibitors. Pharmacol Ther. 2012;134(1):8-25.
Mullane K, Williams M. Alzheimer’s therapeutics: continued clinical failures question the validity of the amyloid hypothesis-but what lies beyond? Biochem Pharmacol. 2013;85:289-305.
Kim DH, Hung TM, Bae KH, Jung JW, Lee S, Yoon BH, et al. Gomisin A improves scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice. Eur J Pharmacol. 2006;542(1-3):129-35.
Leslie LI, Susan DI, Floyd EB, Robert HR. Introduction to Neuropsychopharmacology. New York: Oxford University Press; 2009: 132-3.
Watanabe T, Yamagata N, Takasaki K, Sano K, Hayakawa K, Katsurabayashi S, et al. Decreased acetylcholine release is correlated to memory impairment in the Tg2576 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Res. 2009;1249(1-3):222-8.
Bartus RT, Dean RL 3rd, Beer B, Lippa AS. The cholinergic hypothesis of geriatric memory dysfunction. Science. 1982;217(4558):408-14.
Silman I, Sussman JL. Acetylcholinesterase: ‘classical’ and ‘non-classical’ functions and pharmacology. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2005;5(3):293-302.
Davis KL, Mohs RC, Tinklenberg JR, Pfefferbaum A, Hollister LE, Kopell BS. Physostigmine: improvement of long-term memory processes in normal humans. Science. 1978;201(4352):272-4.
Tong Y, Zhou W, Fung V, Christensen MA, Qing H, Sun X, et al. Oxidative stress potentiates BACE1 gene expression and Abeta generation. J Neural Transm. 2005;112(3):455-69.
Cortes N, Posada-Duque RA, Alvarez R, Alzate F, Berkov S, Cardona-Gómez GP, et al. Neuroprotective activity and acetylcholinesterase inhibition of five Amaryllidaceae species: a comparative study. Life Sci. 2015;122:42-50.
