Current state of pharmacology and therapeutics in irritable bowel syndrome with special reference to brain-gut axis
Keywords:
Irritable bowel syndrome, Visceral hypersensitivity, Brain-gut axis, NeurotransmittersAbstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), principal morbidity being visceral hypersensitivity, consumes significant speciality gastroenterologic and general practitioner’s care. The complex etiology perhaps varying among the patients makes therapeutic address very challenging. Continuous researches on neurophysiological aberrations in IBS have continued. The drugs and the neurophysiological understanding with regard to addressing visceral hypersensitivity are relevant to be appraised. The translation of research wisdom into clinical practice may be facilitated by gastroenterology experts. The issues of effectiveness of the options in general and in particular patients may thus be addressed.
References
Farthing MJ. Irritable bowel, irritable body, or irritable brain? BMJ 1995;310:171-5.
Bradesi S, Herman J, Mayer EA. Visceral analgesics: drugs with a great potential in functional disorders? Curr Opin Pharmacol 2008;8:697-703.
Yu S, Ouyang A. TRPA1 in Bradykinin-induced mechano-hypersensitivity of vagal C fibers in guinea pig esophagus. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009;296:G255-65.
Jones RC 3rd, Xu L, Gebhart GF. The mechanosensitivity of mouse colon afferent fibers and their sensitization by inflammatory mediators require transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 and acid-sensing ion channel 3. J Neurosci 2005;25:10981-9.
Winston J, Shenoy M, Medley D, Naniwadekar A, Pasricha PJ. The vanilloid receptor initiates and maintains colonic hypersensitivity induced by neonatal colon irritation in rats. Gastroenterology 2007;132:615-27.
Levine JD, Alessandri-Haber N. TRP channels: targets for the relief of pain. Biochim Biophys Acta 2007;1772:989-1003.
Winston J, Shenoy M, Medley D, Naniwadekar A, Pasricha PJ. The vanilloid receptor initiates and maintains colonic hypersensitivity induced by neonatal colon irritation in rats. Gastroenterology 2007;132:615-27.
Holzer P. TRPV1 and the gut: from a tasty receptor for a painful vanilloid to a key player in hyperalgesia. Eur J Pharmacol 2004;500:231-41.
Hwang SJ, Valtschanoff JG. Vanilloid receptor VR1-positive afferents are distributed differently at different levels of the rat lumbar spinal cord. Neurosci Lett 2003;349:41-4.
Guo A, Vulchanova L, Wang J, Li X, Elde R. Immunocytochemical localization of the vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1): relationship to neuropeptides, the P2X3 purinoceptor and IB4 binding sites. Eur J Neurosci 1999;11:946-58.
Jones RC 3rd, Xu L, Gebhart GF. The mechanosensitivity of mouse colon afferent fibers and their sensitization by inflammatory mediators require transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 and acid-sensing ion channel 3. J Neurosci 2005;25:10981-9.
Szallasi A, Cortright DN, Blum CA, Eid SR. The vanilloid receptor TRPV1: 10 years from channel cloning to antagonist proof-of-concept. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2007;6:357-72.
Geppetti P, Trevisani M. Activation and sensitisation of the vanilloid receptor: role in gastrointestinal inflammation and function. Br J Pharmacol 2004;141:1313-20.
Sipe WE, Brierley SM, Martin CM et al. (2008) Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 mediates protease activated receptor 2-induced sensitization of colonic afferent nerves and visceral hyperalgesia. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008;294:G1288-98.
Barbara G, Wang B, Stanghellini V et al. Mast cell-dependent excitation of visceral-nociceptive sensory neurons in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2007;132:26-37.
Spiller RC, Jenkins D, Thornley JP, et al. Increased rectal mucosal enteroendocrine cells, T lymphocytes, and increased gut permeability following acute (Campylobacter) enteritis and in post-dysenteric irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 2000;47:804-11.
Anand P, Aziz Q, Willert R, van Oudenhove L. Peripheral and central mechanisms of visceral sensitization in man. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2007;19:29-46.
Barbara G, Wang B, Stanghellini V et al. Mast cell-dependent excitation of visceral-nociceptive sensory neurons in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2007;132:26-37.
Toda N, Kishioka S, Hatano Y, Toda H (2009) Modulation of opioid actions by nitric oxide signaling. Anesthesiology 2009;110:166-81.
Takeuchi K, Yokota A, Tanaka A, Takahira Y. Factors involved in upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase in rat small intestine following administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Dig Dis Sci 2006;51:1250-9.
Vergnolle N, Bunnett N, Sharkey K, et al. Proteinase-activated receptor-2 and hyperalgesia: a novel pain pathway. Nature Med 2001;7:772-3.
Plourde V, Piere SS, Quirion R. Calcitonin gene-related peptide in viscerosensitive response to colorectal distension in rats. Am J Physiol 1997;273:G191-6.
Yaksh TL, Hua X-Y, Kalcheva I, et al. The spinal biology in humans and animals of pain states generated by persistent small afferent input. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:7680-6.
Suzuki R, Rygh LJ, Dickenson AH. Bad news from the brain: descending 5-HT pathways that control spinal pain processing. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2004;25:613-7.
Paterson WG, Ford D, Ganguli SC, Reynolds RP, Pliamm L, O’Mahony M, Pare P, Nurbhai S, Feagan B, Landau SB. A novel, oral 5HT3 partial agonist, DDP-733, improves overall response in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and constipation (IBS-C): a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled, parallel-group, dose-ranging study. Gastroenterology 2008;134:A546-7.
Pertovaara A. Noradrenergic pain modulation. Prog Neurobiol 2006;80:53-83.
Camilleri M, Kim DY, McKinzie S, Kim HJ, Thomforde GM, Burton DD, Low PA, Zinsmeister AR. A randomized, controlled exploratory study of clonidine in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003;1:111-21.
Dapoigny M, Abitbol JL, Fraitag B. Efficacy of peripheral k-agonist fedotozine versus placebo in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a multicenter dose–response study. Digest Dis Sci 1995;40:2244-9.
Szarka LA, Camilleri M, Burton D, Fox JC, McKinzie S, Stanislav T, Simonson J, Sullivan N, Zinsmeister AR. Efficacy of on-demand asimadoline, a peripheral kappa-opioid agonist, in females with irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;5:1268-75.
Mangel AW, Bornstein JD, Hamm LR, Buda J, Wang J, Irish W, Urso D. Clinical trial: asimadoline in the treatment of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008;28:239-49.
Clouse RE. Antidepressants for irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 2003;52:598-9.
Brandt LJ, Bjorkman D, Fennerty MB, Locke GR, Olden K, Peterson W, Quigley E, Schoenfeld P, Schuster M, Talley N. Systematic review on the management of irritable bowel syndrome in North America. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97(11 Suppl):S7-S26.
Ben-Menachem E. Pregabalin pharmacology and its relevance to clinical practice. Epilepsia 2004;45 (Suppl 6):13-8.
O'Donnell LJ, Watson AJ, Cameron D, Farthing MJ. Effect of octreotide on mouth-to-caecum transit time in healthy subjects and in the irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1990;4:177-81.
Grundy D, Al-Chaer ED, Aziz Q, et al. Fundamentals of neurogastroenterology: basic science. Gastroenterology2006;130:1391-1411.
Sarkar S, Hobson AR, Hughes A, et al. The prostaglandin E2 receptor-1 (EP-1) mediates acid-induced visceral pain hypersensitivity in humans. Gastroenterology 2003;124:18-25.
Willert RP, Woolf CJ, Hobson AR, Delaney C, Thompson DG, Aziz Q. The development and maintenance of human visceral pain hypersensitivity is dependent on the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. Gastroenterology 2004;126:683-92.
Gosselin RD, O'Connor RM, Tramullas M, Julio-Pieper M, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Riluzole normalizes early-life stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity in rats: role of spinal glutamate reuptake mechanisms. Gastroenterology 2010;138:2418-25.
Mishra SP, Shukla SK, Pandey BL. Evaluation of riluzole and contemporary therapies in management of visceral hypersensitivity aspect of irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia, thesis: Banaras Hindu University, July 2012.
Dubner R, Ruda MA. Activity-dependent neuronal plasticity following tissue injury and inflammation. Trends Neurol Sci 1992;15:96-103.
Coutinho S, Urban M, Gebhart G. The role of CNS NMDA receptors and nitric oxide in visceral hyperalgesia. Eur J Pharmacol 2001;429:319-25.
Jessell T, Kelly D. Pain and analgesia. In: Kandel E, Schwartz J, Jessell T, eds. Principles of Neuroscience, 3rd edn. Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1991:385-99.
Devinsky O, Morrell MJ, Vogt BA. Contributions of anterior cingulate cortex to behavior. Brain 1995;118:279-306.
Gue M, Tekamp A, Tabis N, et al. Cholecystokinin blockade of emotional stress- and CRF-induced colonic motor alterations in rats: role of the amygdala. Brain Res 1994;658:232-8.
Tache Y, Martinez V, Million M, et al. Stress and the gastrointestinal tract III. Stress-related alterations of gut motor function: role of brain corticotropin-releasing factor receptors. Am J Physiol 2001;280:G173-7.
Maillot C, Million M, Wei J, et al. Peripheral corticotropin releasing factor and stress-stimulated colonic motor activity involve type 1 receptor in rats. Gastroenterology 2000;119:1569-79.
Zobel A, Nickel T, Kunzel H, et al. Effects of high-affinity corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 antagonist R121919 in major depression: the first 20 patients treated. J Psychiatr Res 2000;34:171-81.
Tache Y, Martinez V, Million M, et al. Stress and the gastrointestinal tract III. Stress-related alterations of gut motor function: role of brain corticotropin-releasing factor receptors. Am J Physiol 2001;280:G173-7.
Hobson AR, Aziz Q. Brain imaging and functional gastrointestinal disorders: has it helped our understanding? Gut 2004;53:1198-1206.
Sharma A, Lelic D, Brock C, Paine P, Aziz Q. New technologies to investigate the brain-gut axis. World J Gastroenterol 2009;15:182-91.
Mayer EA (2000) Spinal and supraspinal modulation of visceral sensation. Gut 2000;47(Suppl 4):iv69-iv72.
Chang L, Berman S, Mayer EA, et al. Brain responses to visceral and somatic stimuli in patients with irritable bowel syndrome with and without fibromyalgia. Am J Gastroenterol 2003;98:1354-61.
Coen SJ, Aziz Q, Yaguez L, Brammer M, Williams SC, Gregory LJ. Effects of attention on visceral stimulus intensity encoding in the male human brain. Gastroenterology 2008;135:2065-74, 2074 e1.
Dinan TG, Quigley EM, Ahmed SM et al. Hypothalamic-pituitary-gut axis dysregulation in irritable bowel syndrome: plasma cytokines as a potential biomarker? Gastroenterology 2006;130:304-11.
Martinez V, Tache Y. CRF1 receptors as a therapeutic target for irritable bowel syndrome. Curr Pharm Des 2006;12:4071-88.
Sagami Y, Shimada Y, Tayama J, Nomura T, Satake M, Endo Y, Shoji T, Karahashi K, Hongo M, Fukudo S. Effect of a corticotropin releasing hormone receptor antagonist on colonic sensory and motor function in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 2004;53:958-64.
Sweetser SR, Nord SJL, Burton DD, Grudell A, Eckert DJ, Manini ML, et al. Effects of a novel corticotrophin releasing factor receptor-1 antagonist, Bms-562086, on gastrointestinal and colonic transit and bowel habits in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (D-IBS). Gastroenterology 2008;134(4 Suppl 1):A-548.
Martinez V, Barquist E, Rivier J, et al. Central CRF inhibits gastric emptying of a nutrient solid meal in rats: the role of CRF2 receptors. Am J Physiol 1998;274:G965-70.